Budget and Budgetary Control – The Effectiveness on Local Government System

Budget and Budgetary Control  – The Effectiveness on Local Government System

Budget and Budgetary Control  – The Effectiveness on Local Government System: The development and execution of fiscal action plans, is a major public resource allocation process, reflecting a mirror image of the state in terms of social values and priorities. This is the process of allocating resources to meet demands, as well as converting rhetoric to reality in the political system. That process should link the past, present and future in orderly and ordered way.

Before the beginning of every financial year, Government at any level announces their budget for the New Year. They state the objectives they anticipate to pursue over the period, and the plan of action through which to attain their objectives. The budget statement is consequently followed by the reactions of interested members of the public indicating their support or criticism of the budget usually, interested members of the public react to the budget for some days after which the government is left to settle down to the execution of its budget. This situation has been there from year to year nevertheless most of the problems of government budget was design to solve also continue from year to year.

The failure or otherwise of local government budgeting has attracted the intention of many citizens as well as scholars to conclude that local government as an exercise is futility, notwithstanding, the kind of position will not help the situation.

Budget at every level of government is seen as a tool that assists in calculating and meeting the cost associated with social events. The problems faced by budget at local government level need urgent solutions, in as much as the same budget has worked at other levels. It is pertinent to budget.

This study tends to examine the effectiveness of budget and budgetary control in the local government system.

Also Read: Budgeting As A Tool For Planning And Control In A Manufacturing Industry

Statement of the Problem

The question whether budgeting in the local government is formality or reality has attracted the attention of many scholars and researchers.

This study is an attempt to investigate the effectiveness of budget and budgetary control in the local government system. It tends to discover how local government can make use of a prepared budget to achieve effective and efficient result results.

The study will specifically attempt to answer the following questions.

  • What are the causes of failure in the local government areas?
  • What budgetary techniques can give efficient result?
  • How can effective budgetary control bring about efficient in the local government system?
  •  What effect can the poor application of budget and budgetary control be to local government system?

 Objectives of the Study

The primary objective of this study is to determine how the budgetary control enables government more effectively to plan, control, coordinate and evaluate its activities.

The secondary objectives include the following;

To know how effective budgetary control can bring about efficiency in the local government system.

To know the effect of poor application of  budget and budgetary control to local government system.

To know whether poor application of budget and budgetary control is the cause of failure in the local government system.

Research Questions

        i.            How can effective budgetary control bring about efficiency in the local government system?

      ii.            What are the effects of poor application of budget and budgetary control to the local government system?

     iii.            How does poor application of budget and budgetary control cause failure in the local government system?

Formulation of Hypothesis  

Ho: Effective budget and budgetary control cannot bring about efficiency in   the local government system

H1: Effective budget and budgetary control can bring about efficiency in the local government system.

H0: Poor application of budget and budgetary control does not have any effect on the local government system

H1: Poor application of budget and budgetary control has effect in the local government system. 

H0: Poor application of budget and budgetary control does not cause failure in the local government system.

H1: Poor application of budget and budgetary control cause failure in the                  local government system.

Significance of the Study

The study will be benefited in many respects more especially as it concern the meaning of budget and budgetary control, the types of budgeting and how it benefit the organization; both profit and non-profit making organizations.

This work is also significant in the sense that it will:

  1. Determine whether the budget and budgetary control facilitates planning and controlling functions of management in any given organization.
  2. Provide a good bench mark for measuring performance.
  3. Serve as documentary evidence of the government policies, economic growth, development, employment and other goals for good governance.
  4. Ensure that local government operates within the scope of its corporate objectives.
  5. Determine the role of budget as a tool for effective and efficient management of the human and material resources.

The research work will help the local government immensely to analyze and carry-out the budget and budgetary control activities for the effective performance of the organization

Limitation of the Study

This research work emphasizes on the budget and budgetary control and its usefulness in the local government system. The study also examines the important of budget and budgetary control to the local government and other organizations and how it encourages the progress of the organization.

The research work seeks to pinpoint the improvement in budgeting and its control in every organization. The above would enhance the researcher to reach useful conclusion and also to make useful recommendation.

Definition of terms

Budgeting:  The certified nation accountant, the official journal of the institute of chartered accountants of Nigeria. Jan/ March 2006, volume 14 No 1 by Prof. EDET B. AKPAKPAN. Define budgeting as the process in which the objectives, policies, and policy measure, funding requirements, sources and allocation of funds stated in the budget are determined.

Budget evaluation:  This is a process that determines as systematically and objectively as possible the relevance, efficiency effectiveness, impact and sustainability of activities in the light of the budget. Evaluation is carried out during implementation, a review after completion.

Budget reporting: This is an account of a particular event situation, activity, programme   and project of concern such as a budget which provided based on due investigations and contains facts, opinions and recommendations on which to base effective decision.

Annual reporting:  According to part B: AKPAKPAN annual report could be the production and publication of an annual report and financial statement in a timely manner, completes the accounting cycle. This could report on performance against predetermined objectives and the budget approved at the start of financial year.

                        Meaning of Budget and Budgetary Control

          The Nigeria accountant, official journal of ICAN (Jan//march 2005) vol. 38 No. 1 by Olabode M. Defined budgeting as the act of preparing or formulating a budget. In federal Nigeria context, budgeting could be described as the annual statement of income and expenditure of the national, state and local government. It can be conceived as a process of taking deliberate measure aimed at moving the relevant economic system from its current state towards a specified desired state.

Abdullar(2006) pointed out  that budget is a device intended to provide greater effectiveness in achieving organizational efficiency, the budget sets for priorities as well as levels of spending, ways of financing and spending and a plan for managing the funds.

Management account defined budget as a plan quantified in monetary terms, prepared and approved prior to a definite period of time, +which usually show the planned income to be generated and or expenditure to be incurred during the period and the capital to be employed to  attain a given objectives. To management account, budget is also an expression of management plans in quantitative and financial terms. Economist on their own idea defines budget as an official document showing the expected revenue and the expenditure for a given fiscal year.

Then Osibote (2005) in the journal of ANAN.  Conceived his own idea about the budgetary control as the budget or budgets to control activities of the organization. It is an accounting tools for planning and controlling Functions of the management in an organization, once the appropriate sets of budgets has been applied, the will be used as a means of allocating responsibilities, the use of statement and report for controlling performance and cost of the management.

Budget and budgetary control is also a techniques for the establishment of budget, relating the responsibilities of executives to the requirement of a policy, it is a management functions, which is essential if control is to be established over the different sections of the business. It uses planning and forecasting in order to achieve the objectives of the business and seeks to maintain effective performance by coordinating the various departments.

For a budget to provide this type of information and control, it must involve the following steps:

There must be adoption of mutually agreed targets of achievement to service as a milestone. Careful comparison of the actual performance and out come with the corresponding pasts of plan.

A system for periodic monitoring of performance. Financial statement must be prepared on a timely basis throughout the year and a comparison made to the budget, right on the statements.

Condition for an effective Budgetary Programmes.

KIABEL (2000) opined that the management must make hard decision about the company’s future if profits are to be expected. The best way to prepare for changing conditions is to provide a frame work that contains a specific, but sufficiently flexible plan to accommodate unanticipated changes. And the entire process of providing this frame work is known as budgeting. And budgeting also aid management in planning, coordinating and controlling operation. If management will consider the most important one, it must create an environment receptive to a fully implemented budget program; this made us to understand that most attempts in budgeting even small ones will prove helpful.

Before an effective budgetary programme will be in a good condition, it must involve the following items:

  1.    A health business organization.
  2.   Through a sound accounting system
  3.    A search program
  4.    A plan for administering the budget
  5.    The ideas of executives and employees.

Preparation of Budgeting.   

The Nigeria accountant, journal of ANAN (2000) when analyzing the preparation of budgeting, pointed out that the budget development process and the degree of detail within individual budgets vary among companies. In small companies, one person may prepare the entire budget. In the big business, many people put their talents and inputs i.e. ideas from another place will be put together in preparing budgeting. However, for a budget to be effective it must be a joint effort of many people. It must by working document; which form the basis for action.

Here are the basic steps that an organization should follow on order to prepare a well conceived budget.

A list of objectives or goals of the organization   for the following year should be prepared. For many organizations, this process will be essentially re-evaluation of the relative priority of the existing programmes. If this is not done, the business that fail to constantly re-evaluat  and update its programmes is in danger of being left behind.

The cost of each objectives or goals listed above should be estimated.

The total expected income should be compared with the expense of achieving  the objectives or goals, after that the expected income and expenses is probably the most important step to take during the year because it is at this point that the programmes for the coming year is fixed.

The final proposed budget should be submitted to the appropriate body for notification when ratified; every body will be firmly committed to the plan of action.

EYISI (2003) on her own idea said that the preparation of a budget follows a steady sequence of preparing individual operating budgets. The sequence may summarily be sales, production, direct material usage and purchases, direct hour, factory overhead budget etc. this must then be gathered together and used in the preparation of the master budget involving the budget profit and loss account and balance sheet

The author further discussed about two major problems that stand out first in the preparation of budget.

Firstly, the budget administration which involves setting a clearly defined organizational structure along operational departments showing hours of authorities and responsibilities, setting guideline and assisting technically in budget conflict of interests, and ideas.

Secondly, the limiting factor in every organization preparing and agreeing budget are limited factors such as consumer demand, production capacity, shortage of labour and materials etc. these forms determine the activity level upon which the budget is prepared.

Functions of Budgeting

There are the functions of budgeting that organization cannot do without which involves.

  1.     Planning Annual Operation:  Every organization must see that the annual operation of their organization is planned very well to meet the organization goals and for the activeness of the business, because without planning for annual operation, the organization may collapse.
  2.    Coordination:  The activities of the various parts of the organization should be coordinated very well to ensure that the parts are in harmony with each other the managers of each sub-unit should be coordinated to be aware of others requirements.
  3.     Communication: Budget communicates plans to the managers responsible for carrying them out, without communication the sub-unit would not be aware about the budget planning.
  4.    Motivation:  Budget always intends to motivate managers to perform in line with the organizational goals.
  5.   Controlling Activities: Budget help manager to control the activities of the organization so as to achieve the objective set during budgeting period.
  6.   Evaluation: The performance of managers and organizational units should be evaluated. The way in which performance is evaluated will be a dominating influence on how a manager behaves in the future and therefore worthy of separate consideration.

Budgetary Control Techniques

Public finance in Nigeria by Ugwu Monday J. of  Okreke(2003) discussed about  budgetary control techniques, but  before he proceed, he defines budgetary control as a means of control in which the actual state of affairs is compared with that planned for, so that appropriate action may be taken with a regard to any deviation before it is too late.

Budgetary control techniques are now a result of continues comparison of actual results with operations. In addition, budget estimates need checking and revising when necessary. Successful budget control requires careful analysis of both actual result and budget estimates in the business organization. Budget control technique represents the mechanics adopted in budget preparation

Among these techniques are:

Zero base budgeting (ZBB): This is a techniques of budget preparation where all activities of the business are re-evaluated each time a budget is prepared ie. It assumes that references are not made to past or previous data. In a zero budgeting every thing starts newly, meaning that nothing of the past activity exists. This can be seen in a newly established industry.

Planning Programming Budgeting System:  This is a method of budget preparation that lays emphasis on a particular program to be executed for the period before its budget preparation.

Traditional Budgeting:  This is the most common method used in budget preparation. This techniques makes reference from past data or activities that is believing that previous data exist it becomes a basis for the next budget preparation.

Performance Budgeting:  This method lays emphasis on the performance of a particular periods before embarking on a new budget for example a firm budgeted for a profit plan of #8m with expenditure proposal of  N4.5m.  If  this is achieved he can now decide to improve on the performance by budgeting for  N12m. This techniques emphasis that budgets are prepared based on the performance of previous budgets. 

Objectives of expenditure budgeting: This techniques is about the objectiveness of expenditure to be included in the budget ie. Any activity to be budgeted for, must serve as useful purpose towards the achievement of organizational goals.

Organizational Administration of Budgeting

According to the Nigeria accountant journal of ICA (2000) by BARIYIMA D.K. budget organization and administration as the ways of management  techniques for a budget lays down management’s plans regarding the economic resources to be is responsible for compilation of the budget, a budget committee with representative from all sections of the business should be appointed to plan and coordinate the budgets while in large organizations a budget officer is appointed to carry out the policy decision of the budget committee.

In organizing and administering a budget system, the following characteristic may be applied:

  1.      Budget Centre:  Units responsible for the preparation of budget. A budget center may encompass several cost centers.
  2.     Budget committee: This comprises the senior member of the organization i.e. departmental heads and executives (with the managing director as chairman). Every part of the organization should be represented on the committee, so there should be a representative from sales, production, marking and others.

Functions of the Budget Committee: The budget committee can be functioning according to BARIYIMA include the following:

  1.         Coordination of the preparation of budgets and the issues of a manual.
  2.         Issuing of timetables for the preparation of budget
  3.         Provision of  information to assist budget and investigation of variances.
  4.         They serve as secretary to the budget committee
  5.         They communicate the committee instruction
  6.        They prepare the master budget.

Budget officer: The work of budget officer is to control the budget administration. Their job involves:

  1.          Leasing between the budget committee and manager responsible for budget preparation
  2.         Dealing with budgetary control problems
  3.         Ensuring that deadlines are met.
  4.         Educating people about budgetary control

 Budget manual: This is a document with which the budget  are prepared. It can

  1.          Charts the organization
  2.         Details  the budget procedures
  3.         Contains account code for items of expenditure and revenue.
  4.        Timetables the process
  5.        Clearly defines the responsibility of person involved in the budgeting system.

Budget education:  This is the way of educating the people involved in the budget preparation, so that they will know where to specialize in the work of budgeting .example are:

  1.              Seminar
  2.            Workshop

The Key Purpose of Budgeting: Management and cost accounting in the views of Drary (2000) pointed directly to the view of the key purpose of budgeting, he said that budgeting is a detailed plan, expressed in a quantitative terms, that specifies how an organization will acquire and use resources during a particular period of time . The procedures used to develop a budget constitute a budgeting system.

Budget system has five primary purposes they are:

  1. Planning
  2. Facilitating communication and coordination
  3. Allocating resources
  4. Managing financial and organizational resources
  5.  Evaluating performance and providing incentives

Planning:  The most obvious purpose of a budget is to quantify a plan of action. The budgeting process forces the individuals who constitute an organization to plan ahead for the well performance of an organization.

Facilitating Communication and Coordination: For an organization to be effective, each manager throughout the organization must be aware of the plans made by other mangers.

Allocating Resource: Naturally an organizations resource are limited and budgets provide one means of allocating resources among competing users.

Managing Financial and Operational Performance: A budget is a plan, and plans are subject to change. Therefore a budget serves as a useful bench mark with which actual results can be compared.

Evaluating Performance and Providing Intensives: Comparing actual results with budgeted results also help managers to evaluate the performance of individuals, departments, divisions or entire companies since budget are used to evaluate performance, they can be used to provide incentives for people to perform well.

Budgetary Control in Socio-Economic Development, Government and Private Industry Compared:

AKPAKPAN (2006) highlighted that the concern for budgetary control should not be what goes to tiers of government but what is done with the resource available to each tires of government. Control mechanism must be instituted to ensure budget implementation. The good organizational structure for purpose of budget implementation should be maintained since without it performances become impossible. Control is the first requisites of budgeting, budget control not accurately account for the expenditure of fund. This to a certain extent explains the inability of the fiscal policy to upgrade the efficiency or effectiveness of the public service.

In Nigeria today budgeting has performed more as political instrument than as an economic instrument. Mobilization budget support was made without the capacity to figure out what to do i.e. making right choices. The comparison of what happened the previous year, have organized budget around activities or functions.

Government and Private Industry Compared

There are similarities and difference in the ways in which government and private industry uses budgetary control in the management of organization.

The illustration of this point is shown below in a tabular form.

The Comparisons between Government and Private Industry      

BUDGET GOVERNMENT PRIVATE INDUSTRY
Budget formation Carried out mainly by department- the budget office but with inputs from, and in close consultation with, other government departments. Master budget produced by budget committee, but with inputs-functional budgets from the budget centers.
Approval The budget must be approved by the law makers,  the legislature The budget must be approved by the policy makers, the board of directors.
Implementation Carried out by the various ministries, and agencies. Carried out by each budget centre.
Audit and evaluation Carried out by the budget office in collaboration with other relevant department of government Carried out by the budget officer who must produce monthly reports.

The comparison in the table above shows that the basic features of the budgetary process in the government are the same as in the private industry the government uses budgetary control in management as private industry do. Therefore we expect government to achieve their macro-economic objectives with budgetary control as private sector organization in general do, or do better than they have done in economic management.

Importance of Budgeting.

These are the important of preparing the budget in an organization.

  •  To aid the planning of annual operation.
  •  To coordinate the activities of the various parts of an organization and to ensure that the parts are in harmony with each other.
  •  To communicate plans to the various responsibility centre manager.
  •  To motivate managers to strive to achieve the organizational goals.
  • To control the activities of the organization.
  •  To evaluate the performance of manager.

Historical Background of Izzi Local Government Area

Local government is a unit of administration below the federal and state government. The concept of local government in Nigeria today started in Britain as for back as 1930’s Nigerian local government is a replica of the British type of local government, this means that the local government in Nigeria was established during the colonial era.

The former head of the state Gen. Babangida in his address to the constituent assembly in acceptance of the draft Nigeria constitution in Abuja in July 1993 stated the importance his administration attached to the evolution of a virile local government as third tiers of a government.

The main plan is to have well-established local government which should serve as a training ground for democratic policies and government. It is for this reason that the armed forces ruling council has taken additional steps to create new local government areas. With these points in mind, the federal military government in 1976 took a bold step in re-organizing the local government system so as to make its administration more effective and meaningful.

This re-organization led to the creation of more local government in 1991, 599 local governments were created. In 1996, an additional 1182 local government areas were created. The in October 1, 1996, 13 other local government areas were created, making the total of 774 local governments in the federation which Izzi was one of them. And Izzi local government was performing effectively since it was created.

According to the secretary of Izzi local government area, Barr Mrs. Felicia Nwamkpuma who mentioned the reasons for creating the local government area.

The Reasons are

  1. To bring the government and involvement of their communities to the overall development of their area.
  2. To help the state of federal government carry out their functions and policies down to their local areas.
  3. To complement the effort of the state and federal government in the provision of services with their area of authority.

Classification of Budgets for Planning and Control

Budget has been classified in various ways to help in planning and control the activities of the organization. The following classifications can be identified here.

  1.    Capital Budget:  This is the aspect of the plan that indicates objectives to be achieved on the creation and development of fixed assets, the expenditure outlay on them and means of financing them. It is the process of planning and evaluating proposals for investment in long-term projects.
  2.    Re-Current Budget: This aspect of plan indicates the operating expenditure of the various organs of the government to guarantee the continuity of government service such as maintaining peace and order, provision of health services and education facilities. It includes expenditure on salaries of civil servants, Judges, policeman and military person as well as working materials.
  3.      Fixed Budget:  These are those in which appropriations  are for a specific fixed and may not be exceeded because of change in demand for government goods or services.
  4. Flexible Budget:  This is structural to change with any flunctuation in output or other factors upon which a budget is established. The authorization of expenditure under flexible budget is fixed but are variable in total according to demand for delivery of the services of government.

Budget Implementation and Control  

SOIBOTE (2006) discussed about the implementation of budget that it started from Mr. President, he will sign the appropriation bill into the appropriate act, when appropriate act was passed by national assembly, They will allow federal agencies to incur obligations and make payment from the treasury for specified purposes.  Then the appropriate act now become the approved budget, the annual approved budget of the federal government is printed in book form and it contains the following contents

  1. The presidents budget address.
  2. Press briefing by the minister of finance
  3. Revenue heads
  4. Recurrent expenditure
  5.  Personal emolument
  6. Over heads
  7. Consolidated revenue chargers
  8. Capital expenditure

Budget Control

The author further illustrated about budget control that it is the review of planned estimates against actual result to achieve performance evaluation. It also ensure that actual results are positively in accordance with the overall financial and policy objectives of an establishment.

It involves the following step:

Adoption of actually agreed targets of achievement to serve as a milestone.

Identification of responsibility centers in the organization to execute specific activities forming part of the budget.

Careful comparison of the actual performance and outcomes with the corresponding parts of plan.

Assessment of deviations and variance in actual performance and activities in relation to the plan and identification of causes of such deviation.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Budget and Budgetary Control

Advantage:  There are numbers of advantages to budget and budgetary control according to accounting reporting manual.

He mentioned the advantages and disadvantage s as follows:

  1.      Budget and budgetary control compels management to  think about future, which is probably the most  important feature of a budgetary planning and control system.
  2.   To look ahead, to set out detailed plans for achieving the targets for each department, operation and give idea to each manager.
  3.   To anticipate and give the organization purpose direction.
  4.    Budget and budgetary control helps to promote, coordinate and communicate.
  5.  It clearly defines area of responsibility
  6.  Requires managers of budget centers to be made responsible for the achievement of budget targets for the operation under their personal control.
  7.  Analysis of cost and revenue: This can be done on the basis of product lines, departments or cost centers.

Disadvantages

There are numbers of disadvantages to budget and budgetary control.

  1.    Budget can be seen as pressure devices imposed by management, thus resulting in
  2. Bad labour relations
  3. Inaccurate record-keeping
  4.    Department conflict arises to do
  5. Dispute over resources allocation
  6. Department blaming each other if targets are not attained.
  7.    It is difficult to reconcile personal/ individual and corporate goals
  8.   Waste may arise as managers adopt the view “we had better spend it or we will lose it”.
  9.    Responsibility versus controlling, i.e, some cost are under the influence of more than one personel e.g. power cost
  10.   Managers may over estimate costs so that they will not be blamed in the future if they overspend.

According to the account and financial control in local government by Mr. Johnson Arikawe who discussed the functions of local government that the chairman is the chief accounting officer of his local government. The local government reform act of 1988, the chairman becomes the chief executive and accounting officer. Though the chairman is not a signatory to the accounts of the local government but has the general duty to ensure that the financial instruction as contained in the government guidelines regulations and financial memorandum are observed. He examines the monthly financial statements prepared by the treasurer and submits same to the legislative for consideration.

The chairman must corporate with the auditor general for local government or his appointed representative. He must make available all financial records of his council on demands by either the auditor general or bodies employed by the law.

The vice chairman then carries out the responsibility assigned to him by the chairman, Secretary to the local government. Before the 1988 reforms the secretary to the local government was the chief executive and the accounting officer of the local government, as a result of reforms, he ceases to be the chief-executive and accounting officer and was designated head of service. However by section 22 of decree No. 10 of 1991, the functions of the secretary to the local government are as follows:

  1.        He shall serve the notice of meeting of chairman and contractors whenever necessary.
  2.       He shall interact with the councilors through correspondence and meeting.
  3.      He shall lease with the secretary to the state government on local government matters.
  4.      He shall perform such other duties as may be assigned to him by the chairman of the local government.

The treasurer of the local government:  Is the chief financial adviser to the local government. He is a signatory to the accounts and vouchers of the local government

Duties of the Treasurer:

  • He advices the council on financial and investment matters.
  • He is responsible for the administrative control of financial department of the local government
  • He performs the duty of chief accounting officer of receipts and payment of the local government.
  •  He ensures that the departments in the local government comply with accounting system as laid down in the financial memorandum.
  •  He is responsible for budgetary control and supervision of accounts of all departments in the local government.
  • He prepares and publishes the finical statement of the local government.
  • He ensure adherence to all instructions relating to the custody, for the local government assets.

Characteristics of Good Budgeting. 

A good budget is characterized by the following:

Participations:  Involves as many people as possible in drawing up a budget.

Comprehensiveness:  Embrace the whole organization

Standards:  Base on its established standards of performance

Flexibility:  Allow for changing circumstances.

Conclusion and Recommendation

 Conclusion

A budget can be an extremely important and effective tool for management in piloting the affairs of the organization.

However, to prepare a meaningful budget the organization must know where it is heading and its goals and objectives.

Priorities changes and this means that many people should be involved in the budget preparation and approval process to ensure that resulting budget is fully supported. Once prepare, the budget must be compared to actual result on a timely basis throughout the year to ensure that management knows where deviation are accruing for corrective actions to be taken when necessary.

The budget is a tool of management, not a substitute for management. A good budget can do very little by itself, good management and a good budget can do much together. Therefore, effective budget and budgetary control is indispensable in the local government system.

 Recommendation

          Based on finding it was recommended that:

  1. The management should make strict decision about the company future, if profits are to be expected. By providing a frame work that contains flexible plan to accommodate unanticipated changes, this is the essence of budgeting.
  2. For the budget to be effective, it must be a joint effort of all the stake holders. It must also be working documents, which forms the basis for action.
  3. The activities of the various parts of the organization should be planned and coordinated very well to ensure that the parts are in harmony so that the effective budget will be achieved.
  4. Orientation, seminar and workshops on budgeting should be adequately emphasized to those involved in the budget preparation.
  5. Budget committee should function very well to make sure that the proper budget is applied and in effective way.
  6. Since budget and budgetary control is an accounting tool and also a useful benchmark with which actual result can be compared, the researcher therefore, recommended that government should encourage it so that it will be applied effectively.
  7. Government should make sure that the resolutions are made available to government bodies to allow them to perform the activities approved in the budget.
  8. Poor budget implementation due to inability to comply with due process should be discouraged.
  9. Before a budgetary control system should result in a number of advantages to the business concerned, it must be a fully comprehensive budget.

—-This article is not complete———–This article is not complete————

This article was extracted from a Project Research Work Topic

EFFECTIVENESS OF BUDGET AND BUDGETARY CONTROL IN THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT SYSTEM

(A STUDY IZZI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA)

EBONYI STATE

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10 Comments on “Budget and Budgetary Control – The Effectiveness on Local Government System”

  1. Owoseni Omololu says:

    Good!I find useful knowledge about budget and effectiveness control on local government.

  2. helped me.some recommendations

  3. Wow! deed research. Am glad to know Nigerians are going into research for a better system of government. We will get there. See you at the Top !!!

  4. Mustapha jibrin says:

    woo nice topic

  5. Information useful. Thank you

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